id !== '' ) {

			// If notification ID exists in notifications, don't add again.
			$present_notification = $this->get_notification_by_id( $notification_id, $user_id );
			if ( ! is_null( $present_notification ) ) {
				$this->remove_notification( $present_notification, false );
			}

			if ( is_null( $present_notification ) ) {
				$this->new[] = $notification_id;
			}
		}

		// Add to list.
		$this->notifications[ $user_id ][] = $notification;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the notification by ID and user ID.
	 *
	 * @param string $notification_id The ID of the notification to search for.
	 * @param int    $user_id         The ID of the user.
	 *
	 * @return null|Yoast_Notification
	 */
	public function get_notification_by_id( $notification_id, $user_id = null ) {
		$user_id = self::get_user_id( $user_id );

		$notifications = $this->get_notifications_for_user( $user_id );

		foreach ( $notifications as $notification ) {
			if ( $notification_id === $notification->get_id() ) {
				return $notification;
			}
		}

		return null;
	}

	/**
	 * Display the notifications.
	 *
	 * @param bool $echo_as_json True when notifications should be printed directly.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function display_notifications( $echo_as_json = false ) {

		// Never display notifications for network admin.
		if ( is_network_admin() ) {
			return;
		}

		$sorted_notifications = $this->get_sorted_notifications();
		$notifications        = array_filter( $sorted_notifications, [ $this, 'is_notification_persistent' ] );

		if ( empty( $notifications ) ) {
			return;
		}

		array_walk( $notifications, [ $this, 'remove_notification' ] );

		$notifications = array_unique( $notifications );
		if ( $echo_as_json ) {
			$notification_json = [];

			foreach ( $notifications as $notification ) {
				$notification_json[] = $notification->render();
			}

			// phpcs:ignore WordPress.Security.EscapeOutput -- Reason: WPSEO_Utils::format_json_encode is safe.
			echo WPSEO_Utils::format_json_encode( $notification_json );

			return;
		}

		foreach ( $notifications as $notification ) {
			// phpcs:ignore WordPress.Security.EscapeOutput.OutputNotEscaped -- Reason: Temporarily disabled, see: https://github.com/Yoast/wordpress-seo-premium/issues/2510 and https://github.com/Yoast/wordpress-seo-premium/issues/2511.
			echo $notification;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Remove notification after it has been displayed.
	 *
	 * @param Yoast_Notification $notification Notification to remove.
	 * @param bool               $resolve      Resolve as fixed.
	 */
	public function remove_notification( Yoast_Notification $notification, $resolve = true ) {

		$callback = [ $this, __METHOD__ ];
		$args     = func_get_args();
		if ( $this->queue_transaction( $callback, $args ) ) {
			return;
		}

		$index = false;

		// ID of the user to show the notification for, defaults to current user id.
		$user_id       = $notification->get_user_id();
		$notifications = $this->get_notifications_for_user( $user_id );

		// Match persistent Notifications by ID, non persistent by item in the array.
		if ( $notification->is_persistent() ) {
			foreach ( $notifications as $current_index => $present_notification ) {
				if ( $present_notification->get_id() === $notification->get_id() ) {
					$index = $current_index;
					break;
				}
			}
		}
		else {
			$index = array_search( $notification, $notifications, true );
		}

		if ( $index === false ) {
			return;
		}

		if ( $notification->is_persistent() && $resolve ) {
			++$this->resolved;
			$this->clear_dismissal( $notification );
		}

		unset( $notifications[ $index ] );
		$this->notifications[ $user_id ] = array_values( $notifications );
	}

	/**
	 * Removes a notification by its ID.
	 *
	 * @param string $notification_id The notification id.
	 * @param bool   $resolve         Resolve as fixed.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function remove_notification_by_id( $notification_id, $resolve = true ) {
		$notification = $this->get_notification_by_id( $notification_id );

		if ( $notification === null ) {
			return;
		}

		$this->remove_notification( $notification, $resolve );
	}

	/**
	 * Get the notification count.
	 *
	 * @param bool $dismissed Count dismissed notifications.
	 *
	 * @return int Number of notifications
	 */
	public function get_notification_count( $dismissed = false ) {

		$notifications = $this->get_notifications_for_user( get_current_user_id() );
		$notifications = array_filter( $notifications, [ $this, 'filter_persistent_notifications' ] );

		if ( ! $dismissed ) {
			$notifications = array_filter( $notifications, [ $this, 'filter_dismissed_notifications' ] );
		}

		return count( $notifications );
	}

	/**
	 * Get the number of notifications resolved this execution.
	 *
	 * These notifications have been resolved and should be counted when active again.
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function get_resolved_notification_count() {

		return $this->resolved;
	}

	/**
	 * Return the notifications sorted on type and priority.
	 *
	 * @return array|Yoast_Notification[] Sorted Notifications
	 */
	public function get_sorted_notifications() {
		$notifications = $this->get_notifications_for_user( get_current_user_id() );
		if ( empty( $notifications ) ) {
			return [];
		}

		// Sort by severity, error first.
		usort( $notifications, [ $this, 'sort_notifications' ] );

		return $notifications;
	}

	/**
	 * AJAX display notifications.
	 */
	public function ajax_get_notifications() {
		$echo = filter_input( INPUT_POST, 'version' ) === '2';

		// Display the notices.
		$this->display_notifications( $echo );

		// AJAX die.
		exit;
	}

	/**
	 * Remove storage when the plugin is deactivated.
	 */
	public function deactivate_hook() {

		$this->clear_notifications();
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the given user ID if it exists.
	 * Otherwise, this function returns the ID of the current user.
	 *
	 * @param int $user_id The user ID to check.
	 *
	 * @return int The user ID to use.
	 */
	private static function get_user_id( $user_id ) {
		if ( $user_id ) {
			return $user_id;
		}
		return get_current_user_id();
	}

	/**
	 * Splits the notifications on user ID.
	 *
	 * In other terms, it returns an associative array,
	 * mapping user ID to a list of notifications for this user.
	 *
	 * @param array|Yoast_Notification[] $notifications The notifications to split.
	 *
	 * @return array The notifications, split on user ID.
	 */
	private function split_on_user_id( $notifications ) {
		$split_notifications = [];
		foreach ( $notifications as $notification ) {
			$split_notifications[ $notification->get_user_id() ][] = $notification;
		}
		return $split_notifications;
	}

	/**
	 * Save persistent notifications to storage.
	 *
	 * We need to be able to retrieve these so they can be dismissed at any time during the execution.
	 *
	 * @since 3.2
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function update_storage() {

		$notifications = $this->notifications;

		/**
		 * One array of Yoast_Notifications, merged from multiple arrays.
		 *
		 * @var Yoast_Notification[] $merged_notifications
		 */
		$merged_notifications = [];
		if ( ! empty( $notifications ) ) {
			$merged_notifications = array_merge( ...$notifications );
		}

		/**
		 * Filter: 'yoast_notifications_before_storage' - Allows developer to filter notifications before saving them.
		 *
		 * @api Yoast_Notification[] $notifications
		 */
		$merged_notifications = apply_filters( 'yoast_notifications_before_storage', $merged_notifications );

		$notifications = $this->split_on_user_id( $merged_notifications );

		// No notifications to store, clear storage if it was previously present.
		if ( empty( $notifications ) ) {
			$this->remove_storage();

			return;
		}

		array_walk( $notifications, [ $this, 'store_notifications_for_user' ] );
	}

	/**
	 * Stores the notifications to its respective user's storage.
	 *
	 * @param array|Yoast_Notification[] $notifications The notifications to store.
	 * @param int                        $user_id       The ID of the user for which to store the notifications.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	private function store_notifications_for_user( $notifications, $user_id ) {
		$notifications_as_arrays = array_map( [ $this, 'notification_to_array' ], $notifications );
		update_user_option( $user_id, self::STORAGE_KEY, $notifications_as_arrays );
	}

	/**
	 * Provide a way to verify present notifications.
	 *
	 * @return array|Yoast_Notification[] Registered notifications.
	 */
	public function get_notifications() {
		if ( ! $this->notifications ) {
			return [];
		}
		return array_merge( ...$this->notifications );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the notifications for the given user.
	 *
	 * @param int $user_id The id of the user to check.
	 *
	 * @return Yoast_Notification[] The notifications for the user with the given ID.
	 */
	public function get_notifications_for_user( $user_id ) {
		if ( array_key_exists( $user_id, $this->notifications ) ) {
			return $this->notifications[ $user_id ];
		}
		return [];
	}

	/**
	 * Get newly added notifications.
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function get_new_notifications() {

		return array_map( [ $this, 'get_notification_by_id' ], $this->new );
	}

	/**
	 * Get information from the User input.
	 *
	 * @param string $key Key to retrieve.
	 *
	 * @return mixed value of key if set.
	 */
	private static function get_user_input( $key ) {

		$filter_input_type = INPUT_GET;
		$request_method    = isset( $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] ) ? filter_var( wp_unslash( $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] ) ) : '';

		if ( strtoupper( $request_method ) === 'POST' ) {
			$filter_input_type = INPUT_POST;
		}

		return filter_input( $filter_input_type, $key );
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve the notifications from storage.
	 *
	 * @param int $user_id The ID of the user to retrieve notifications for.
	 *
	 * @return array|void Yoast_Notification[] Notifications.
	 */
	private function retrieve_notifications_from_storage( $user_id ) {

		if ( $this->notifications_retrieved ) {
			return;
		}

		$this->notifications_retrieved = true;

		$stored_notifications = get_user_option( self::STORAGE_KEY, $user_id );

		// Check if notifications are stored.
		if ( empty( $stored_notifications ) ) {
			return;
		}

		if ( is_array( $stored_notifications ) ) {
			$notifications = array_map( [ $this, 'array_to_notification' ], $stored_notifications );
			// Apply array_values to ensure we get a 0-indexed array.
			$notifications = array_values( array_filter( $notifications, [ $this, 'filter_notification_current_user' ] ) );

			$this->notifications[ $user_id ] = $notifications;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Sort on type then priority.
	 *
	 * @param Yoast_Notification $a Compare with B.
	 * @param Yoast_Notification $b Compare with A.
	 *
	 * @return int 1, 0 or -1 for sorting offset.
	 */
	private function sort_notifications( Yoast_Notification $a, Yoast_Notification $b ) {

		$a_type = $a->get_type();
		$b_type = $b->get_type();

		if ( $a_type === $b_type ) {
			return WPSEO_Utils::calc( $b->get_priority(), 'compare', $a->get_priority() );
		}

		if ( $a_type === 'error' ) {
			return -1;
		}

		if ( $b_type === 'error' ) {
			return 1;
		}

		return 0;
	}

	/**
	 * Clear local stored notifications.
	 */
	private function clear_notifications() {

		$this->notifications           = [];
		$this->notifications_retrieved = false;
	}

	/**
	 * Filter out non-persistent notifications.
	 *
	 * @param Yoast_Notification $notification Notification to test for persistent.
	 *
	 * @since 3.2
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	private function filter_persistent_notifications( Yoast_Notification $notification ) {

		return $notification->is_persistent();
	}

	/**
	 * Filter out dismissed notifications.
	 *
	 * @param Yoast_Notification $notification Notification to check.
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	private function filter_dismissed_notifications( Yoast_Notification $notification ) {

		return ! self::maybe_dismiss_notification( $notification );
	}

	/**
	 * Convert Notification to array representation.
	 *
	 * @param Yoast_Notification $notification Notification to convert.
	 *
	 * @since 3.2
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	private function notification_to_array( Yoast_Notification $notification ) {

		$notification_data = $notification->to_array();

		if ( isset( $notification_data['nonce'] ) ) {
			unset( $notification_data['nonce'] );
		}

		return $notification_data;
	}

	/**
	 * Convert stored array to Notification.
	 *
	 * @param array $notification_data Array to convert to Notification.
	 *
	 * @return Yoast_Notification
	 */
	private function array_to_notification( $notification_data ) {

		if ( isset( $notification_data['options']['nonce'] ) ) {
			unset( $notification_data['options']['nonce'] );
		}

		if (
			isset( $notification_data['message'] ) &&
			\is_subclass_of( $notification_data['message'], Abstract_Presenter::class, false )
		) {
			$notification_data['message'] = $notification_data['message']->present();
		}

		return new Yoast_Notification(
			$notification_data['message'],
			$notification_data['options']
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Filter notifications that should not be displayed for the current user.
	 *
	 * @param Yoast_Notification $notification Notification to test.
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	private function filter_notification_current_user( Yoast_Notification $notification ) {
		return $notification->display_for_current_user();
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if given notification is persistent.
	 *
	 * @param Yoast_Notification $notification The notification to check.
	 *
	 * @return bool True when notification is not persistent.
	 */
	private function is_notification_persistent( Yoast_Notification $notification ) {
		return ! $notification->is_persistent();
	}

	/**
	 * Queues a notification transaction for later execution if notifications are not yet set up.
	 *
	 * @param callable $callback Callback that performs the transaction.
	 * @param array    $args     Arguments to pass to the callback.
	 *
	 * @return bool True if transaction was queued, false if it can be performed immediately.
	 */
	private function queue_transaction( $callback, $args ) {
		if ( $this->notifications_retrieved ) {
			return false;
		}

		$this->add_transaction_to_queue( $callback, $args );

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Adds a notification transaction to the queue for later execution.
	 *
	 * @param callable $callback Callback that performs the transaction.
	 * @param array    $args     Arguments to pass to the callback.
	 */
	private function add_transaction_to_queue( $callback, $args ) {
		$this->queued_transactions[] = [ $callback, $args ];
	}

	/**
	 * Removes all notifications from storage.
	 *
	 * @return bool True when notifications got removed.
	 */
	protected function remove_storage() {
		if ( ! $this->has_stored_notifications() ) {
			return false;
		}

		delete_user_option( get_current_user_id(), self::STORAGE_KEY );
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if there are stored notifications.
	 *
	 * @return bool True when there are stored notifications.
	 */
	protected function has_stored_notifications() {
		$stored_notifications = $this->get_stored_notifications();

		return ! empty( $stored_notifications );
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves the stored notifications.
	 *
	 * @codeCoverageIgnore
	 *
	 * @return array|false Array with notifications or false when not set.
	 */
	protected function get_stored_notifications() {
		return get_user_option( self::STORAGE_KEY, get_current_user_id() );
	}
}